Nonenzymatic rubylation and ubiquitination of proteins for structural and functional studies.

Uncovering the mechanisms that allow conjugates of ubiquitin (Ub) and/or Ub-like (UBL) proteins such as Rub1 to serve as distinct molecular signals requires the ability to make them with native connectivity and defined length and linkage composition. A novel, effective, and affordable strategy for controlled chemical assembly of fully natural UBL-Ub, Ub-UBL, and UBL-UBL conjugates from recombinant monomers is presented. Rubylation of Ub and Rub1 and ubiquitination of Rub1 was achieved without E2/E3 enzymes. New residue-specific information was obtained on the interdomain contacts in naturally-occurring K48-linked Rub1-Ub and Ub-Rub1, and K29-linked Rub1-Ub heterodimers, and their recognition by a K48-linkage-specific Ub receptor. The disassembly of these heterodimers by major deubiquitinating enzymes was examined and it was discovered that some deubiquitinases also possess derubylase activity. This unexpected result suggests possible crosstalk between Ub and Rub1/Nedd8 signaling pathways.